10 Sep 2024
India is the world’s
second-largest producer and consumer of coal and its procurement is set for
transformation with the introduction of a coal exchange. This initiative aims
to overhaul the existing coal trading system by introducing a transparent, efficient
and competitive market, better able to meet the needs of consumers through
greater competition among suppliers.
The
core of this proposal is the creation of a fully digital platform for coal
trading. The current system, largely manual and often cumbersome, is fraught
with delay and complexity, driving up costs for end users. The coal exchange
will replace this with a streamlined, real-time trading environment, allowing
easy buying and selling. This digital platform should significantly reduce the
time taken to complete transactions, thereby improving the overall efficiency
of coal procurement processes. By allowing real-time trading, the exchange will
enable faster decision-making, ensuring that coal is available to consumers
quicker and at more competitive prices.
The
coal exchange will probably use standardised contracts, much like commodities
exchanges. They will specify the quality, quantity, and pricing of coal,
providing a clear framework within which transactions will occur. This
standardisation is crucial for reducing the ambiguity often surrounding coal
trading, in which disputes over quality and pricing lead to lengthy delays and
added costs. With standardised contracts, buyers and sellers will have a clear
understanding of the terms of trade, allowing smoother and more predictable
transactions.
Substantial
benefits from the coal exchange are expected. The most important is the
increased transparency it will bring to the market. It will provide a platform
in which prices are openly displayed and transactions recorded in real time.
This will benefit not only large industrial consumers but also smaller players
who often struggle to negotiate favourable terms. The exchange will foster
greater competition among suppliers. A level playing field and easier access to
the market mean private coal producers should emerge as key sellers and will be
able to compete more effectively with larger state-run entities. This is
particularly so for those who have obtained coal blocks at commercial and
captive mine auctions opened up since 2020. Increased competition should drive
down prices and encourage innovation in the sector, ultimately benefiting
consumers.
Regulation
will be crucial to the success of the coal exchange. At first, the Coal
Controller Organisation is likely to be its regulator. This entity, which operates
under the Ministry of Coal, is responsible for collecting and maintaining coal
production data from all private and public sector coal mines. It also inspects
collieries to assess the grade and size of coal, and acts as an appellate
authority in disputes between consumers and mine owners regarding the grade and
size of coal. As the exchange develops, it will probably require a dedicated
regulatory body to oversee its operations and ensure that it functions
efficiently and fairly. Alternatively, it may be regulated along the lines of
the existing commodities regulator, the Securities and Exchange Board of India.
For
the exchange to be efficient, it may require a customised sectoral regulatory
framework. This may align with the current regulatory framework for commodities
exchanges to learn from its regulation and technology experience.
In
the short term, the exchange may cause shifts in pricing and supply patterns
that could have implications for the energy sector. To adapt to the new market
system, regulators and the industry, including the power sector, may need to
modernise how contracts are structured. For example, exchange-based coal
procurement may result in new ways to structure fuel pass-through arrangements
in long-term power purchase agreements. Coal price benchmarking through coal
exchanges may also lead to contractual innovations such as in
contracts-for-differences that may help in the financing of new power
generation capacity.
Modernising coal
procurement is essential to India’s energy security. The coal exchange is but
one of many steps required. Its success depends on the willingness of the
industry to accept the change. Because the government is the largest
stakeholder in the system, it must push its agencies to adopt the new system
and make it a success.